Meteor \"- the name of a series of Soviet satellites and the Soviet space weather system. Creation of specialized meteorological satellites was preceded by extensive experimental studies of on-board electrical, electronic, electronic equipment in space. In the first stage for the first time in the practice space (the satellites\" Cosmos-14 \"and\" Cosmos-23 \") have been investigated principles of three-axis attitude control and stabilization of satellites, converting solar energy into electricity using silicon semiconductor solar cells (with the orientation of the long solar arrays to the Sun), availability of equipment at elevated temperatures and thermal methods. Based on these studies was tested first Soviet meteorological satellite of the Earth \"Cosmos-122\" with a set of instruments for meteorological observations - television, solar radiation, infrared - in conjunction with ground receiving and processing information. with on-orbit satellites \"Cosmos-144\" and \"Cosmos-156 \"was founded (together with items receiving, processing and dissemination of meteorological information), an experimental space meteorological system\" Meteor \"(1967).
Since 1969, production began launching satellites \"Meteor\", which are included in this system. Feature of the satellite \"Meteor\" is in the principles and methods for dynamic stabilization of the registration, transfer and processing of photographic images. Satellites have a dual orientation tracking system - three-axis relative to the earth\'s surface and an independent tracking system relative to the sun for maximum energy in the electricity supply. Installed on the satellite \"Meteor\" TV equipment personnel survey carried out in the visible spectral region using conventional video cameras that provide wide swath of 1000 km. Infrared devices (sensitive to heat radiation 8-12 mm) was a working device with scan angle (review) ± 40 ° from the nadir direction. Since the thermal field of the infrared equipment is not distorted by solar radiation, she photographed not only by day but at night, and this made it possible to compare images of clouds, resulting in both the visible and the infrared regions.
Since 1975, in the \"Meteor\" began to be applied artificial earth satellite \"Meteor-2\" - the second generation of Soviet meteorological satellite, which has a much higher dynamic performance and improved scientific meteorological equipment. An artificial satellite \"Meteor-2\" is equipped with systems for collecting meteorological information and service equipment, ensuring the normal working conditions for all systems on board - to maintain the prescribed limits of temperature and other parameters of the gas inside the enclosure, orientation, power supply, as well as accurate measurements of the orbital elements, telemetry measurements parameters of onboard equipment and the transfer of all information by radio to Earth for its reception and processing. The satellite \"Meteor-2\" are three types of optical-mechanical scanning television equipment operating: in the visible spectral region for the global image of clouds and underlying surface with swath width of 2200 km (at a resolution of 1 km at nadir), in direct mode transmission of images of clouds and underlying surface swath width 2100 km (at a resolution of 2 km) in the infrared spectral region (8-12 microns) to obtain global images of clouds and land surface in the illuminated and shadow sides of the Earth swath width 2600 km ( at a resolution of 8 km). Optomechanical scanning TV equipment operates at an altitude of sun above the horizon more than 5 °. On board the satellite is installed as a set of radiometric instrumentation for continuous observation of penetrating radiation fluxes in the near-Earth space, and eight-channel scanning infrared radiometer for global data on the vertical distribution of temperature. \"Meteor-2\" has an active orientation system, the executive body electric, flywheels, providing a constant orientation of the satellite relative to the orbital coordinate system. Thus, there is a constant direction to Earth receivers meteorological equipment. The exact orientation simplifies geo-referenced meteorological information in its ground handling, because there is no need to take into account the angular position of the satellite. Power from solar panels (with silicon probes), which are autonomous electromechanical system for tracking the direction of the sun. The structure of on-board power system also includes a buffer battery to the control unit (for control, protection and regulation of receipt of electricity from solar panels to recharge the batteries).
Duration of active autonomous operation in orbit is achieved through the inclusion of the onboard control system software and special multi temporary device, the control operation of meteorological instruments and equipment, transmitting information from the satellite to ground receiving stations. The precise synchronization of all on-board recording and storage devices necessary for the subsequent geo information provided by a single source signal of stable frequency. Direct transfer of images obtained in the visible and infrared spectral regions, produced at a frequency of 137.3 MHz and can be taken by ground points located anywhere in the world. These features form the basis of long-acting space orbital astrophysical observatory, which can be installed as the meteorological and scientific Astrophysical equipment.
During one revolution around the Earth artificial satellite \"Meteor-2\" can shoot a television and infrared data from the territory that constitutes ~ 20% of the world. All satellites \"Meteor-2\" carrier rocket launched \"Union\" in orbit close to circular (altitude 900 km), with the angle of inclination of 81,2 °.
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